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Topic guidance

Academic Writing & Argument

Build claims, paragraphs and whole-document arguments that answer the task.

Find a workable starting point

Start with the task

Separate the required action from the topic. Identify the evidence and limits before choosing a structure.

Build a defensible answer

Connect claims to evidence and explain why that evidence supports the inference. A formula cannot supply missing reasoning.

Revise the reasoning first

Use a reverse outline to test paragraph roles, omissions and repetition before editing sentences.

Your next step

State the answer you are trying to defend, then check what each paragraph contributes.

Editing and revision apply across all six topics. Choose a resource by the task it helps you complete.

Suggested starting points

GuideAcademic writing

Build a paragraph around a claim and evidence

Build an academic paragraph from a clear claim, relevant evidence and explanation. Follow a worked example and check where your reasoning needs another step.

Tools and worksheets for this task

Explore this topic

GuideAcademic writing

Give useful feedback on a classmate's draft

Give specific, constructive feedback on a classmate’s draft using reader observations, a worked comment ledger and a manageable revision summary.

GuideEditing

Clarify what this, it and they refer to

Make pronoun references clear, decide when a noun needs repeating, and ask the author when an editor cannot safely infer the intended meaning.

GuideAcademic writing

Decide what belongs in an appendix

Sort supporting material with a worked disposition ledger, precise appendix references and a check that your report's main argument still stands alone.

GuideAcademic writing

Use a marking rubric to check your own draft

Map each rubric criterion to visible evidence in your draft, identify what is partial or missing, and plan focused revisions without trying to predict a grade.

GuideAcademic writing

Build a paragraph around a claim and evidence

Build an academic paragraph from a clear claim, relevant evidence and explanation. Follow a worked example and check where your reasoning needs another step.

Worksheet

Assignment brief mapper

Turn your assignment instructions into a traceable plan for tasks, evidence, deliverables and questions to clarify, using a blank offline worksheet.

Tool

Word-count allocator

Allocate a planning word budget across sections, then adjust the balance to fit your own brief. This is an estimate, not an assessment rule.

Worksheet

Reverse-outline worksheet

Map paragraph functions, claims and evidence in a draft you have written. Use the worksheet to find repetition, unsupported claims and missing reasoning.

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